LUMBAR SPONDYLOLISTHESIS DEFINITATION AND INTRODUCTION: The word spondylolisthesis derives from two parts: spondylo which means spine, and listhesis which means slippage. So, a spondylolisthesis is…
ORAL SUB MUCOUS FIBROSIS DEFINATION: Oral submucous fibrosis is defined as the chronic, insidious disease affecting the oral cavity and sometimes pharynx, although occasionally preceded…
PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL DISC (PIVD) DEFINITION: When the protrusion or extrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a rent in the annulus fibrosus, PIVD occurs. A prolapsed…
LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS DEFINITION AND INTRODUCTION: Lumbar spondylosis is a medical condition in which chronic pain is experienced by the patient in the lower back This…
ATAXIA DEFINITION: Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality. Ataxia is a non-specific clinical…
UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION “An Upper motor neuron lesion (pyramidal insufficiency) is a lesion of the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell of the…
PARAPLEGIA Paraplegia is paralysis or weakness (paraparesis) of both lower limbs. It may be due to: Pyramidal (U.M.N.) lesion resulting in spastic paraplegia. Lower motor…
CEREBRAL PALSY (CP) DEFINITION: Cerebral palsy is a chronic disability of central nervous system origin characterised by aberrant control of movement of posture, appearing early…
OSTEOARTHRITIS DEFINITION: Osteoarthritis is a chronic, degenerative disorder of multifactorial aetiology, characterised by loss of articular cartilage and periarticular bone remodelling, particularly large weight-bearing joints….
SPASTICITY DEFINITION: Spasticity is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity and hypertonia. It is also…
