What is a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)? → Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. This can result in trouble standing up. Most are unable to walk by the age of 12.→ Females with a single copy of the defective gene may show mild symptoms. Scoliosis is…
What is a Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD)? → Congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) refers to a group of muscular dystrophies that become apparent at or near birth. Muscular dystrophies in general are genetic, degenerative diseases primarily affecting voluntary muscles.→ Congenital muscular dystrophies are autosomal recessively-inherited muscle diseases. Signs / Symptoms → CMD will display some progressive…
What is a Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD)? → Becker muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that involves slowly worsening muscle weakness of the legs and pelvis. Symptoms of Becker Muscular Dystrophy → Symptoms usually begin in childhood. The average age at diagnosis is 11 years but there is a wide age range. The clinical severity…
What is a Knee Varus Deformity? Varus deformity is an inward angulation (medial angulation, that is, toward the body’s mid-line) of the distal segment of a leg. Also known as Bow-legged or Genu varum. Causes of Knee Varus Deformity → When the knee is not perfectly aligned, otherwise known as Mal-aligned.→ Mal-alignment of the knees…
What is the Hallux Valgus Deformity? Hallux valgus is a progressive foot deformity in which the great toe deviated towards the 2nd finger (first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint) is affected and is often accompanied by significant functional disability and foot pain, tenderness, and swelling around the joint. There is a lateral deviation of the great toe…
What is a Sprengel’s Shoulder Deformity? Sprengel’s shoulder deformity, also known as congenital high scapula or undescended scapula, is a rare congenital condition that affects the development and positioning of the shoulder blade (scapula) during early fetal development. This condition is named after the German surgeon Carl Sprengel, who first described it in 1891. →In…
What is a Spina bifida (SPLIT SPINE)? Spina bifida is one of the neural tube defects. In which the failure of the fusion of two vertebral arches in the embryological stages of the developmental spine. Incidence of Spina Bifida: Spina bifida is one of the most common birth defects, with a worldwide average incidence of 1-2…
What is Congenital Dislocation of the Hip(CDH)? Congenital dislocation of the hip, also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is a condition where the hip joint is improperly formed or dislocated at birth. It occurs when a child is born with a dislocated hip (unstable hip). It is caused by abnormal development of…
CONGENITAL TALIPES EUINO VARUS (CTEV) DEFINITION/INTRODUCTION: Congenital talipes equinovarus, also known as ‘club foot’, is a congenital foot deformity present at birth. It is one of the most common congenital deformities. The foot consists of 26 bones. Most relevant for this congenital deformity are the talus, calcaneus and navicular. The calcaneus and navicular are medially…
What is a Torticollis? Types of Torticollis: Anatomy Related To Torticollis: Causes of Torticollis: Other Causes of Torticollis: Epidemiology Ten to twenty percent of cases of toricollis are posttraumatic; the remaining cases are idiopathic. Posttraumatic cervical dystonia often manifests days after the injury, and in its delayed version, it may take up to 12 months….
