Pott’s Fracture

Defination:

a pott’s fracture is a type of ankle fracture that is characterized by a break in one or more bony prominences on the sides of the ankle known as the malleoli.

also known as a broken ankle, ankle fracture, and malleoli fracture.

pott’s fracture often occurs in combination with other injuries such as a sprained ankle or other fractures of the foot, ankle, or lower leg.

Introduction:

Pott’s fracture, also known as Pott’s syndrome I and Dupuytren fracture, is an archaic term loosely applied to a variety of bimalleolar ankle fractures.

The injury is caused by a combined abduction external rotation from an eversion force.

This action strains the sturdy medial (deltoid) ligament of the ankle, often tearing off the medial malleolus due to its strong attachment.

The talus then moves laterally, shearing off the lateral malleolus or, more commonly, breaking the fibula superior to the tibiofibular syndesmosis.

If the tibia is carried anteriorly, the posterior margin of the distal end of the tibia is also sheared off by the talus.

A fractured fibula in addition to detaching the medial malleolus will tear the tibiofibular syndesmosis.

The combined fracture of the medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, and the posterior margin of the distal end of the tibia is known as a “trimalleolar fracture”.

An example of Pott’s fracture would be in sports tackling injury.

The player receives a blow to the outside of the ankle, causing the ankle to roll inwards (so that the sole of the foot faces laterally).

This damages the ligaments on the inside of the ankle and fractures the fibula at the point of contact (usually just above the tibiofibular syndesmosis).

A better way to visualize this is the two hands of a clock, with one hand facing 12 and the other facing 6.

The vertical line they form represents the fibula of the person’s right leg.

The lateral force approaches from 3 o’clock, sending the lower hand snapping outwards to point at 5 o’clock.

Anatomy:

The ankle contains three joints. The talocrural joint or ankle joint is a hinge joint formed between the inferior surface of the tibia and the superior surface of the talus.

The medial and lateral malleoli provide additional articulations and stability to the ankle joint.

The inferior tibiofibular joint is formed by the articulation of the distal parts of the fibula and tibia. The inferior tibiofibular joint is supported by the tibiofibular ligaments or syndesmosis.

The subtalar joint between the talus and calcaneus is divided into an anterior and posterior articulation separated by the sinus tarsi.

The lateral ligament consists of three parts:

the anterior talofibular ligament which passes as a flat band from the tip of the fibula anteriorly to the lateral talar neck:

the calcaneofibular ligament, which is a cordlike structure directed somewhat posteriorly, and the posterior talofibular ligament, which runs posteriorly from the fibula to the talus.

Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process:

A Pott’s fracture is a fracture affecting one or both of the malleoli.

During activities such as landing from a jump (volleyball, basketball) or when rolling an ankle, a certain amount of stress is placed on the tibia, fibula, and ankle joint.

When this stress is traumatic, and beyond what the bone can withstand, a break in the medial, lateral, or posterior malleolus may occur.

Also, activities involving a sudden change of direction, such as football and rugby, can cause fractures around the malleoli.

When this happens, this condition is known as a Pott’s fracture.

A Pott’s fracture often occurs in combination with other injuries such as an inversion injury, a dislocation of the ankle, or other fractures of the foot, ankle, or lower leg.

Pott’s fractures can vary in location, severity, and type including displaced fractures, un-displaced fractures, bi-malleolar fractures, or compound fractures.

It is difficult to distinguish clinically between a fracture and a moderate-to-severe ligament sprain. Both conditions may result from inversion injuries, with severe pain and varying degrees of swelling and disability.

Symptoms:

A Pott’s fracture occurs from a badly sprained ankle.

it is often difficult to distinguish between a Pott’s fracture and an ankle sprain in the early stages. Symptoms consist of:

Instant and severe pain in the ankle.

You will be unable to put weight on your leg.

There will be tenderness at the point of fracture.

You will have considerable swelling and bruising.

Classification:

They have been classified in many ways based on the mechanism of injury, joint stability number of malleoli involved, or the level of the fracture.

A few of the classifications are as under:

1) Henderson’s Classification:

This is the simplest classification based on the number of malleoli fractured when seen on Skiagram.

Type 1-Unimalleolar, Type 2-Bimalleolar and Type 3-Trimalleolar.

This does not deal with fracture patterns, mechanism of injury, or ligamentous injuries.

2) Danis Weber’s Classification:

This classification is based on the level of the fracture of the fibula.

Type 1-Fracture of fibula below the level of syndesmosis.

Type 2-Fracture of the fibula at the level of the syndesmosis.

Type 3-Fracture of fibula above the level of the syndesmosis

3) Lauge-Hansen’s Classification:

This classification is based on radiographic, clinical, and experimental observations. It takes the mechanism of injury into consideration i.e. the position of the foot at the time of injury is described first and the direction of the deforming force later. It has the following types:

a) Supination-Adduction:

There is a transverse avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus below the level of the syndesmosis or tear of the lateral collateral ligament. If the force continues there will be a vertical fracture of the medial malleolus.

b) Supination-External Rotation:

It leads to disruption of the anterior tibiofibular ligament, spiral oblique fracture of the distal fibula, disruption of posterior tibiofibular ligament or fracture of posterior malleolus, and fracture of the medial malleolus or rupture of the deltoid ligament.

c) Pronation-Abduction:

It causes transverse fracture of the medial malleolus or rupture of the deltoid ligament, rupture of all syndesmotic ligaments or avulsion fracture of their insertions, and a short, horizontal fracture of fibula above the level of the syndesmosis.

d) Pronation-External Rotation:

This causes transverse fracture of the medial malleolus or disruption of the deltoid ligament, disruption of the anterior tibiofibular ligament, and short oblique fracture of the fibula above the level of the joint.

If the force continues there is a rupture of the posterior tibio-fibular ligament or avulsion fracture of the postero-lateral part of the tibia.

e) Pronation-Dorsiflexion:

This injury causes a fracture of the medial malleolus, fracture of the anterior margin of the tibia, supramalleolar fracture of the fibula, and transverse fracture of the posterior tibial surface.

4) AO’S Classification:

This classification is a modification of the Danis Weber classification.

Three main types of fracture have been described depending on the level of the fibular fracture. Each of these types is further divided into 3 subgroups.

Type A. Fibular fracture below syndesmosis

A1-isolated

A2-with fracture of medial malleolus

A3-with a postero medial fragment

Type B. Fibular fracture at the level of the syndesmosis

B1-isolated

B2-with medial lesion

B3-with medial lesion and fracture of posterolateral tibia

Type C. Fibular fracture above syndesmosis

C1-diaphyseal fracture fibula-simple

C2-diaphyseal fracture fibula-complex

C3-proximal fracture fibula

Clinical feature:

pain (sudden, onset, sharp, intense pain over lower ankle/leg).

swelling, burning.

crepitus.

improve range of motion (ROM).

instability stand / weight bearing.

deformity.

Clinical Examination:

The history of the mechanism of injury is important and will tell us the likely pattern of injury sustained to the ankle.

Careful physical examination is needed to see the status of the skin, soft tissues, neurovascular deficit, bones, and ligaments.

Stress tests like an anterior drawer, inversion, eversion, and external rotation can also be done under sedation or anesthesia to find out details of injuries.

Diagnosis:

Initially, careful palpation or feeling of the malleolus and surrounding area can indicate that a fracture may or may not be present.

Maximal tenderness on the bone may indicate a fracture, whereas if the area just forward or under the bone is more tender, this may indicate a ligament sprain.

An x-ray is the only way to determine for definite if a fracture is present.

Early X-rays may not clearly show this due to swelling and bleeding in the area,

If you suspect a fracture, then a second x-ray may be requested once the swelling has gone down.

Differential Diagnosis:

There are many other conditions and injuries that can mimic a Pott’s Fracture in the absence of an obvious, sudden injury.

The following are examples of other ankle conditions:

• Acute Compartment Syndrome.
• Lateral Ankle Ligament Tear.
• Deep Vein Thrombosis.
• Thrombophlebitis.
• Syndesmotic Disruption.
• Gout.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis.
• Talar Fracture.

Outcome Measures:

There are many outcome measures available when assessing ankle fractures.

Some are designed to measure function limitation whilst others rely on patient-reported outcome measures, which focus on patients reporting on their activities of daily living, pain, and other functional outcomes.

Clinical Demerit Points.

Maryland Foot Score.

Walking speed.

Time required to climb a set number of stairs.

36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).

Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA).

Ankle-Fracture Outcome of Rehabilitation Measure (A-FORM).

Olerud and Molander (O&M) Questionnaire .

Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS).

Investigations:

Plain Skiagrams:

Skiagrams in antero-posterior, lateral, and mortise views are essential and are usually sufficient for diagnosis and management.

Mortise view is taken with a leg in 15–20 degrees of internal rotation.

Several lines and angles have been mentioned to be seen on skiagrams to determine the integrity of the ankle joint.

They are:

i) Tibiofibular line: On the mortise view a line formed by the subchondral bone of the distal tibia and the medial aspect of the fibula should be continuous.

ii) Talocrural angle: This is formed on mortise view by a line drawn parallel to the articular surface of the distal tibia and one connecting the tips of both malleoli.

The angle is normally between 8 and 15 degrees.

iii) Talar tilt:-Lines drawn parallel to the articular surfaces of the distal tibia and talus should be parallel.

iv) Medial clear space: On mortise view the distance between the lateral border of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the talus is measured.

Normally this is equal to the superior clear space. A space of greater than 2 mm is abnormal and indicates a lateral shift of the talus.

v) Syndesmotic integrity: Fibula is posterior and lateral to the tibia, so the anterolateral part of the tibia overlaps the fibula.

On antero-posterior view, this overlap should be less than 10 mm in syndesmotic injuries.

Tibiofibular or interosseous clear space should be less than 5 mm on antero-posterior view.

Stress views are used to confirm suspected ligamentous instability and compared with identical skiagrams of opposite sides.

Arthrography is performed to evaluate the integrity of the joint capsule and ligaments.

It is seldom required. Tomography is helpful in evaluating complex fracture patterns and where the facilities for CT scans are not available.

Computed tomography is indicated in grossly comminuted fractures of the lower end of the tibia where the fracture pattern is not clearly seen on plain skiagrams.

3-D reconstructions provide additional information and help in planning the reduction and fixation of fractures.

Osteochondral fractures and chronic ligamentous injuries are better seen on MRI. Arthroscopy of the ankle is extremely useful for evaluating and managing osteochondral lesions of the talus.

Treatment:

One of the most important components of rehabilitation following Pott’s fracture is that the patient rests sufficiently from any activity that increases pain.

Activities that place large amounts of stress on the ankle should also be avoided, particularly excessive weight-bearing activities such as running, jumping, standing, or walking.

Displaced Pott’s fractures where the anatomical relationship of the bones of the ankle has been disrupted need to be a surgical fixation.

Post-operatively, protective boot, brace, plaster cast, and/or crutches are used for a number of weeks.

For fractures that are not displaced, treatment may involve a plaster cast immobilization and the use of crutches, followed by the use of a protective boot or brace for a number of weeks.

Patients with a Pott’s fracture should perform pain-free flexibility, strengthening, and balance exercises as part of their rehabilitation to ensure an optimal outcome.

The physiotherapist may utilize techniques such as massage and joint mobilization essential to ensure optimal range of movement and flexibility.

The aim of the massage is to fight the formation of heterotopic ossification.

This is the process by which bone tissue forms outside of the skeleton.

The treatment may also involve electrotherapy, taping and bracing, exercises to improve strength, flexibility, and balance, and hydrotherapy.

Lengthening of the tendon Achilles is proven to be a treatment for complicated Pott’s fractures.

Lengthening or stretching of this tendon can be done by performing passive dorsiflexion of the foot while the leg/knee is straight.

Physiotherapy treatment:

Physiotherapy treatment is vital in all patients with a Pott’s fracture to hasten to healing and ensure an optimal outcome. Treatment may comprise:

-soft tissue massage.

-joint mobilization.

-dry needling.

-electrotherapy (e.g. ultrasound).

-taping or bracing.

-the use of a protective boot or brace.

-the use of crutches.

-exercises to improve strength, flexibility, and balance.

-hydrotherapy.

-education.

-activity modification.

-a graduated return to activity plan.

-footwear advice.

Other interventions for a Pott’s fracture:

Despite appropriate physiotherapy management, some patients with a Pott’s fracture do not improve adequately and may require other interventions.

The treating physiotherapist or doctor can advise on the best course of management when this is the case.

This may include further investigations such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI or bone scan, periods of plaster cast immobilization, or referral to appropriate medical authorities who can advise on any intervention that may be appropriate to improve the Pott’s fracture.

Occasionally, patients with fractures that are initially managed without surgical intervention may require surgery to stabilize the fracture and a bone graft to aid fracture healing.

Exercises for a Pott’s fracture:

The Ankle joint stiffness due to immobilization is the most commonly seen after a few days of rest. Ankle mobilization is the best option to improve mobility.

The following exercises are commonly prescribed to patients with a Pott’s fracture following confirmation that the fracture has healed or that pain-free mobilization can commence as directed by the surgeon.

You should discuss the suitability of these exercises with your physiotherapist prior to beginning them.

Generally, they should be performed 3 times daily and only provided they do not cause or increase symptoms.

Foot and Ankle Up and Down:

Move your foot and ankle up and down as far as possible and be comfortable without pain. Repeat 10 – 20 times provided there is no increase in symptoms.

Foot and Ankle In and Out:

Move your foot and ankle in and out as far as possible and be comfortable without pain. Repeat 10 – 20 times provided there is no increase in symptoms

Foot and Ankle Circles:

Move your foot and ankle in a circle as large as possible and comfortable without pain.

Repeat 10 times in each direction provided there is no increase in symptoms. Another intervention for a Pott’s fracture

Despite appropriate physiotherapy management, some patients with a Pott’s fracture do not improve adequately and may require other interventions.

The treating physiotherapist or doctor can advise on the best course of management when this is the case.

This may include further investigations such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI or bone scan, periods of plaster cast immobilization, or referral to appropriate medical authorities who can advise on any intervention that may be appropriate to improve Pott’s fracture.

Occasionally, patients with fractures that are initially managed without surgical intervention may require surgery to stabilize the fracture and a bone graft to aid fracture healing.

Physiotherapy products for a Pott’s fracture:

Some of the most commonly recommended products by physiotherapists to hasten healing and speed recovery in patients with an ankle fracture include:

• Crutches.
• Protective Boots.
• Ankle Braces.
• Ankle Supports.
• Ice and Heat Packs.
• Wobble Boards (for rehabilitation).
• Dura Discs (for rehabilitation).
• Bosu Balls (for balance exercises).
• Resistance Band (for strengthening).
• Sports Tape (for protective taping).

Exercises:

An ankle fracture exercise program should be the main component of your ankle rehabilitation following a fracture.

Exercises may include:

-Exercises for ankle range of motion.

-Ankle strengthening exercises.

-Hip and knee exercises (to help improve walking ability).

-Balance and proprioception exercises.

-Exercise to improve functional mobility and walking ability.

postoperative pt management:

phase-1 (up to 6 week ):

goals:

PWB

df to neutral

control edema

1) AROMS of the ankle, subtalar joint, MT joint within pain tol.

ankle pumps

inv/env

toe crunches

2) calf stretching, heel slides

3) elevation of edema

4) static quads and hams

5) 2-4 weeks, initial weight bearing as tolerated with crutches followed by PWB

phase-2 (6to8week):

goals :

FWB involved LE

control edema

minimize complications

maintain optimal bone and soft-tissue healing

AROMS

PROMS in a restricted range

heel slides

calf stretching

ankle isometric

grade 1,2 mobilization for ankle and sub-talar joints

leg circle, leg press

wall strech with KF and KE

FWB walking, mini squat, standing heel raise, one leg balance on the floor

wobble board exercise

phase-3 (>8week):

goals:

full ROMS

restore gait on levels of surfaces, heel, and stairs

full return to function

1. cnt phase2 exercise
2. progress to theraband exercise
3. squat and launch exercise as wobbler board exercise
4. one leg standing exercise with eye open and eye closed
5. stair climbing exercise
6. Agility training

Complications:

The commonest complication is nonunion. Most nonunions involve the medial malleolus.

These are often avulsion injuries that were initially treated conservatively and failed to unite because of residual displacement of the fracture, interposition of soft tissues, or associated lateral instability resulting in shearing forces on the fracture from the pull of the deltoid ligament.

Treatment is with open reduction, internal fixation, and bone grafting. Nonunion of the lateral or posterior malleolus is uncommon.

Malunion is more common and incongruity of the articular surface can alter the mechanics of the joint and lead to persistent symptoms, degenerative changes, and loss of function of the joint.

Painful arthrosis after ankle fracture may result from severe cartilage damage at the time of injury, a malaligned and shortened lateral malleolus.

An arthrodesis is the treatment of choice for severe cartilage damage.

Marginal necrosis of skin edges after surgery occurs in about 3% of patients.

These problems can be decreased by avoiding surgery during the period of increased swelling, minimizing tourniquet time, careful handling of the soft tissues, especially the skin edges, gentle retraction, use of implants appropriate for the size of the fracture fragments, wound closure without tension, appropriate drainage of the wound and avoiding constrictive dressings.

The use of posterior antiglide plates in fibular fractures has also been helpful in reducing the tension on the skin.

The risk of infection can be decreased with careful attention to the handling of the soft tissues and the technical aspects of internal fixation.

The infection rate in treating closed fractures with the current techniques of internal fixation is less than 2%.

Osteoarthritis can result from damage to the articular cartilage at the time of the injury from altered mechanics of the joint resulting from ligamentous instability or inadequate reduction of the fracture or both.

An ankle arthrodesis is the most dependable method of treatment for the prevention of pain. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy may be a disturbing complication of ankle injuries.

Heterotopic bone may form between the distal tibia and fibula after injuries to the syndesmosis.

Ossification is usually seen at the level of the fibular fracture and often in association with the use of a syndesmotic screw.

Osteochondral (transchondral) fractures of the talus can occur after any type of injury to the ankle, including simple sprains.

Prognosis:

In the most severe cases of a Pott’s fracture, patients usually make a full recovery with appropriate management. Return to activity or sport can usually take place in a number of weeks to months.