Introduction The hyoglossus muscle is one of the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is a quadrilateral muscle that arises along the whole length of the hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue. The hyoglossus works to both depress and retract the tongue. It acquires its motor innervation through the hypoglossal…
Overview The nervous system is formed by the vast neural networks; signaling within these circuits allows thinking, language, feeling, learning, memory, and all function and sensation. It is well-established that via the plasticity of existing cells our nervous systems can adjust to situations or circumstances not previously encountered, but it also has been shown that…
Introduction The genioglossus muscle is only the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is a fan-shaped muscle that contains the bulk of the body of the tongue. It originates from the mental spine of the mandible; it inserts onto the hyoid bone and the bottom of the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal…
Introduction The brain is a compound organ comprised of gray parts and white matter, which can be hard to differentiate Starting from an embryologic position allows us to understand more easily how the parts relate or connect to each other. The embryonic nervous system initiates as a very simple structure—fundamentally just a straight line, which…
Introduction The medial pterygoid muscles, a major elevator of the jaw is a square-shaped masticatory muscle, encountered on the medial part of the lower jaw bilaterally. It is also known as the internal pterygoid muscles. These muscles lie medial to the lateral pterygoid muscles. The medial pterygoid muscle is a thick quadrilateral muscle that binds…
Introduction Inferior mesenteric plexus The inferior mesenteric plexus is derived mainly from the aortic plexus. It surrounds the inferior mesenteric artery, and splits into a number of secondary plexuses, which are divided into all the parts supplied by the artery, the left colic, and sigmoid plexuses, which supply the terminal and sigmoid parts of the…
Introduction Thoracic Spinal nerve formationThere are a total of 12 pairs of Thoracic spinal nerves that get originate from the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. These nerves majorly supply the skin over the chest region and intrinsic back muscles of the thoracolumbar area. The thoracic nerves also supply some of the regions of the…
Introduction The lateral pterygoid muscle is a craniomandibular muscle that plays an essential role in the inferior temporal region. It is active during mastication and mandibular motions – including protrusion (forward movement of the mandible), abduction (depression of the mandible), and mediotrusion (mandibular condyle movement towards the midline). It functions particularly during speaking, singing, and…
Definition The superior mesenteric plexus is a downward continuance of the celiac prevertebral plexus and refers to a complexity of neurons that is present near the root of the superior mesenteric artery and posterior aspect of the pancreas. Various secondary plexuses get arise here, which follow the route of the arterial branches of the superior…
Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) accommodates numerous nerve fibers that group together to form pathways between its different parts. These neural pathways show the communicating highways of the CNS. They can be located uniquely within the brain, giving connections between several of its structures, or they can link or connection between the brain and…
