What is a Hindbrain? The hindbrain (developmentally obtain from the rhombencephalon) is one of the three major areas of the brain, situated at the lower back part of the brain. It comprises most of the brainstem and a dense coral-shaped composition called the cerebellum. The brainstem is one of the very important parts of the…
Introduction The lumbar plexus is a compound neural network formed by the lower thoracic and lumbar ventral nerve roots. They are formed where T12 to L5 leave the spinal cord through intervertebral foramina. The supply motor and sensory supply to the lower limb and pelvic girdle The nerves get arising from the lumbar plexus are…
What is Rhombencephalosynapsis? Rhombencephalosynapsis is a midline brain malformation represented by an absent cerebellar vermis with an obvious fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres. Rhombencephalosynapsis can be seen in isolation or together with the different central nervous system and extra-central nervous system malformations. Gmez-Lpez-Hernndez syndrome combines rhombencephalon synapsis with parietal/temporal alopecia and occasionally trigeminal anesthesia, high…
Introduction The hyoglossus muscle is one of the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is a quadrilateral muscle that arises along the whole length of the hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue. The hyoglossus works to both depress and retract the tongue. It acquires its motor innervation through the hypoglossal…
Overview The nervous system is formed by the vast neural networks; signaling within these circuits allows thinking, language, feeling, learning, memory, and all function and sensation. It is well-established that via the plasticity of existing cells our nervous systems can adjust to situations or circumstances not previously encountered, but it also has been shown that…
Introduction The genioglossus muscle is only the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is a fan-shaped muscle that contains the bulk of the body of the tongue. It originates from the mental spine of the mandible; it inserts onto the hyoid bone and the bottom of the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal…
Introduction The brain is a compound organ comprised of gray parts and white matter, which can be hard to differentiate Starting from an embryologic position allows us to understand more easily how the parts relate or connect to each other. The embryonic nervous system initiates as a very simple structure—fundamentally just a straight line, which…
Introduction The medial pterygoid muscles, a major elevator of the jaw is a square-shaped masticatory muscle, encountered on the medial part of the lower jaw bilaterally. It is also known as the internal pterygoid muscles. These muscles lie medial to the lateral pterygoid muscles. The medial pterygoid muscle is a thick quadrilateral muscle that binds…
Introduction Inferior mesenteric plexus The inferior mesenteric plexus is derived mainly from the aortic plexus. It surrounds the inferior mesenteric artery, and splits into a number of secondary plexuses, which are divided into all the parts supplied by the artery, the left colic, and sigmoid plexuses, which supply the terminal and sigmoid parts of the…
Introduction Thoracic Spinal nerve formationThere are a total of 12 pairs of Thoracic spinal nerves that get originate from the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. These nerves majorly supply the skin over the chest region and intrinsic back muscles of the thoracolumbar area. The thoracic nerves also supply some of the regions of the…
