Body fat index (hip circumference ÷ height 1.5) is not a more accurate measure of obesity than BMI, waist circumference, or hip circumference. Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of body fat and has been shown to correlate with other measures of obesity. However, its use is limited by differences in…
An ankle-brachial index test or ABI test, which is rapid and noninvasive, is the best examination for finding out if you have peripheral artery disease (PAD). Your leg arteries are narrowed or blocked by poor circulation. PAD also increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, and other cardiovascular disorders. A 1.0 to 1.4 test result…
A Lumbar Puncture (LP) or spinal tap may be performed to diagnose or treat the condition. For this procedure, a doctor inserts a hollow needle into the space around the spine (subarachnoid space) in the lower back to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or inject medication. CSF is a clear fluid that bathes and cushions the…
Introduction The extraction of marrow from an internal bone is known as a bone marrow biopsy. The soft tissue that forms bone marrow aids in the production of red blood cells. The hollow portion of most bones contains it. A bone marrow biopsy is the process of taking a tiny sample of your bone’s internal…
What is an Ankle Pain While Walking? Ankle pain while walking can significantly impact an individual’s daily activities, mobility, and overall quality of life. The ankle joint plays a crucial role in supporting body weight and facilitating movement, making any discomfort during walking a cause for concern. Various factors can contribute to ankle pain, ranging…
Introduction The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) used to assess lower extremity function in individuals with musculoskeletal disorders or injuries. It is a 20-item questionnaire that evaluates activities of daily living (ADLs) related to standing, walking, balance, and stair climbing. Each item is scored on a 4-point scale ranging…
Introduction Hip internal rotation is a crucial movement that occurs at the hip joint, allowing the femur (thigh bone) to rotate inward towards the midline of the body. This motion is essential for various activities, including walking, running, and various athletic movements. Proper hip internal rotation is vital for maintaining overall lower body mobility and…
What is an Ankle Impingement Sign? The Ankle Impingement Sign is a physical examination test used to assess for anterior ankle impingement syndrome (AAIS). AAIS is a condition in which the front of the ankle joint becomes impinged, or compressed, during dorsiflexion (bending the foot upwards). The anterior and posterior ankle impingement tests are part…
What is a Windlass Test? The Windlass test is a physical examination maneuver used to assess the integrity of the plantar fascia, a thick band of connective tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot. This test is primarily employed to diagnose plantar fasciitis, a common condition characterized by inflammation and pain in the…
Orbicularis Oris Reflex (also known as the Snout reflex) or “Pout” is a pouting or pursing of the lips induced by mild tapping of the closed lips around the midline. The mouth resembles a snout as a result of the muscles contracting. A neurological exam tests for this reflex, and if it is present, it…
