INTRODUCTION : The oculomotor nerve is the third cranial nerve (CN III). It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and innervates extrinsic eye muscles that enable most movements of the eye and that raise the eyelid. The nerve also contains fibers that innervate the intrinsic eye muscles that enable pupillary constriction and accommodation…
Individuals with pernicious anemia Pernicious anemia, a condition that affects 1%–2% of older adults, is characterized by a lack of intrinsic factors. Individuals with pernicious anemia cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract. Pernicious anemia is usually treated with intramuscular vitamin B12. However, approximately 1% of oral vitamin B12 can be absorbed passively…
Introduction of Olfactory Nerve : The olfactory nerve (CN I) is the first and shortest cranial nerve. It is a special visceral afferent nerve, which transmits information relating to smell. Embryologicallly, the olfactory nerve is derived from the olfactory placode (a thickening of the ectoderm layer), which also give rise to the glial cells which…
Introduction: The wrist extensor muscles of the hand are located in the back of the forearm and have long tendons connecting them to bones in the hand, where they exert their action. The wrist extensors includes extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), extensor digitorum (ED), extensor digiti minimi (EDM), extensor carpi…
Introduction The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, or simply CN V) is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the most complex of the cranial nerves. Its name (“trigeminal” = tri-, or three, and – geminus, or twin: thrice-twinned) derives from the fact…
What is a Coma? Some patients following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury will present with profound and prolonged consciousness impairment. A coma is a profound or deep state of unconsciousness. The affected individual is alive but is not able to react or respond to life around him/her. Coma may occur as an expected progression…
Introduction Neck muscles are bodies of tissue that produce motion in the neck when stimulated. The muscles of the neck run from the base of the skull to the upper back and work together to bend the head and assist in breathing. The neck muscles include Platysma, Sternocleidomastoid, Splenius capitis muscle, Longus capitis muscle, Longus…
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The nerves typically travel from the pons through the facial canal in the temporal…
Gluteal nerve divides in superior & inferior gluteal nerve 1.Superior gluteal nerve 2.Inferior gluteal nerve 1.Superior gluteal nerve Anatomy of Superior Gluteal Nerve: The superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) passes through the sciatic notch above the piriformis muscle. It supplies the gluteus medius, minimus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles. The inferior gluteal nerve (L5,…
Introduction The muscles that are involved in the act of gripping are known as Grip Muscles, the Grip Muscles are flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum, lumbricals, interossei, adductor pollicis. Anatomy of Grip Muscles 1. Flexor Digitorum Profundus Origin It originates from the upper 3/4 of…
